Cardiovascular Care & Drugs Used
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The cardiovascular system incorporates the heart blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The main purpose is to maintain adequate blood circulation and hence the distribution of nutrients to tissues and the delivery of metabolic wastes to excretory/urinary organs. The endocrine and immune systems also use the blood circulation as conduits for hormones, immune cells and cytokines and other chemical messengers that work at distant sites in the body.
The circulatory system is an organ system that permits blood and lymph circulation to transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis. The drugs affects the cardiovascular system include "Cardiovascular system drugs"
Cardiovascular disease (also called heart disease) is a class of diseases that involve the heart, the blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins) or both.
Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, principally cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney, and peripheral arterial disease. The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and/or hypertension are the most common. In addition, with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in healthy asymptomatic individuals.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths worldwide, though, since the 1970s, cardiovascular mortality rates have declined in many high-income countries. At the same time, cardiovascular deaths and disease have increased at a fast rate in low- and middle-income countries. Although cardiovascular disease usually affects older adults, the antecedents of cardiovascular disease, notably atherosclerosis, begin in early life, making primary prevention efforts necessary from childhood.There is therefore increased emphasis on preventing atherosclerosis by modifying risk factors, such as healthy eating, exercise, and avoidance of smoking tobacco.
Myocardial infarction
For other uses, see Heart attack (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Cardiac arrest. Myocardial infarction Classification and external resources Diagram of a myocardial infarction (2) of the tip of the anterior wall of the heart (an apical infarct) after occlusion (1) of a branch of the left coronary artery (LCA). In the diagram, RCA is the right coronary artery. ICD-10 I21-I22 ICD-9 410 DiseasesDB 8664 MedlinePlus 000195 eMedicine med/1567 emerg/327 ped/2520 MeSH D009203 Myocardial infarction (from Latin: Infarctus myocardii, MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the medical term for an event commonly known as a heart attack. An MI occurs when blood stops flowing properly to a part of the heart, and the heart muscle is injured because it is not receiving enough oxygen. Usually this is because one of the coronary arteries that supplies blood to the heart develops a blockage due to an unstable buildup of white blood cells, cholesterol and fat. The event is called "acute" if it is sudden and serious.
A person having an acute MI usually has sudden chest pain that is felt behind the breast bone and sometimes travels to the left arm or the left side of the neck. Additionally, the person may have shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, abnormal heartbeats, and anxiety. Women experience fewer of these symptoms than men, but usually have shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of indigestion, and fatigue. In many cases, in some estimates as high as 64%, the person does not have chest pain or other symptoms.These are called "silent" myocardial infarctions.
Important risk factors are previous cardiovascular disease, old age, tobacco smoking, high blood levels of certain lipids (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides) and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic kidney disease, excessive alcohol consumption, and the use of cocaine and amphetamines.[3][4] The main way to determine if a person has had a myocardial infarction are electrocardiograms (ECGs) that trace the electrical signals in the heart and testing the blood for substances associated with damage to the heart muscle. Common blood tests are troponin and creatine kinase (CK-MB). ECG testing is used to differentiate between two types of myocardial infarctions based on the shape of the tracing. An ST section of the tracing higher than the baseline is called an ST elevation MI (STEMI) which usually requires more aggressive treatment.
Immediate treatments for a suspected MI include aspirin, which prevents further blood from clotting, and sometimes nitroglycerin to treat chest pain and oxygen. STEMI is treated by restoring circulation to the heart, called reperfusion therapy, and typical methods are angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, and thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) may be managed with medication, although angioplasty may be required if the person is considered to be at high risk. People who have multiple blockages of their coronary arteries, particularly if they also have diabetes, may also be treated with bypass surgery (CABG). Ischemic heart disease, which includes MI, angina, and heart failure when it happens after MI, was the leading cause of death for both men and women worldwide in 2011.
Websites Related to Cardiovascular disease
Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases - ScienceDirect
Circulatory system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cardiovascular disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cardiovascular system - National Library of Medicine
CPR - American Heart Association
2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood
American Society of Hypertension | Hypertension Guidelines
Hypertension Guidelines: Clear as Mud - Medscape
2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial
Heart and Circulatory System - KidsHealth
Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on ... - Hypertension
Hypertension Treatment & Management - eMedicine
Hypertension Resources
New guidelines published for managing high blood pressure
Guidelines | The International Society of Hypertension
What Is a Heart Attack? - NHLBI, NIH
Warning Signs of a Heart Attack - American Heart Association
Myocardial infarction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Heart attack symptoms: Know what's a medical emergency
Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
WHO | Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
DailyMed Advanced Search Medicines Micromedex UpToDate
The cardiovascular system incorporates the heart blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. The main purpose is to maintain adequate blood circulation and hence the distribution of nutrients to tissues and the delivery of metabolic wastes to excretory/urinary organs. The endocrine and immune systems also use the blood circulation as conduits for hormones, immune cells and cytokines and other chemical messengers that work at distant sites in the body.
The circulatory system is an organ system that permits blood and lymph circulation to transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, blood cells, etc. to and from cells in the body to nourish it and help to fight diseases, stabilize body temperature and pH, and to maintain homeostasis. The drugs affects the cardiovascular system include "Cardiovascular system drugs"
Cardiovascular disease (also called heart disease) is a class of diseases that involve the heart, the blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins) or both.
Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, principally cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney, and peripheral arterial disease. The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and/or hypertension are the most common. In addition, with aging come a number of physiological and morphological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in healthy asymptomatic individuals.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of deaths worldwide, though, since the 1970s, cardiovascular mortality rates have declined in many high-income countries. At the same time, cardiovascular deaths and disease have increased at a fast rate in low- and middle-income countries. Although cardiovascular disease usually affects older adults, the antecedents of cardiovascular disease, notably atherosclerosis, begin in early life, making primary prevention efforts necessary from childhood.There is therefore increased emphasis on preventing atherosclerosis by modifying risk factors, such as healthy eating, exercise, and avoidance of smoking tobacco.
- Coronary artery disease (also known as coronary heart disease and ischaemic heart disease)
- Cardiomyopathy - diseases of cardiac muscle
- Hypertensive heart disease - diseases of the heart secondary to high blood pressure
- Heart failure
- Cor pulmonale - a failure at the right side of the heart with respiratory system involvement
- Cardiac dysrhythmias - abnormalities of heart rhythm
- Inflammatory heart disease
- Endocarditis – inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The structures most commonly involved are the heart valves.
- Inflammatory cardiomegaly
- Myocarditis – inflammation of the myocardium, the muscular part of the heart.
- Valvular heart disease
- Cerebrovascular disease - disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the brain such as stroke
- Peripheral arterial disease - disease of blood vessels that supply blood to the arms and legs
- Congenital heart disease - heart structure malformations existing at birth
- Rheumatic heart disease - heart muscles and valves damage due to rheumatic fever caused by streptococcal bacteria infections
Coronary artery disease (CAD) also known as atherosclerotic heart disease, coronary heart disease, or ischemic heart disease (IHD), is the most common type of heart disease and cause of heart attacks. The disease is caused by plaque building up along the inner walls of the arteries of the heart, which narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart.
Myocardial infarction (from Latin: Infarctus myocardii, MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the medical term for an event commonly known as a heart attack. It happens when blood stops flowing properly to part of the heart and the heart muscle is injured due to not receiving enough oxygen. Usually this is because one of the coronary arteries that supplies blood to the heart develops a blockage due to an unstable buildup of white blood cells, cholesterol and fat. The event is called "acute" if it is sudden and serious.
Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver, which produces about 70 percent of total cholesterol in the body. Increased cholesterol levels have been associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Statins have been found to prevent cardiovascular disease in those who are at high risk. The evidence is strong that statins are effective for treating CVD in the early stages of a disease (secondary prevention). However, the evidence is weaker that statins are effective for those with elevated cholesterol levels but without CVD (primary prevention). Side effects of statins include muscle pain, increased risk of diabetes and abnormalities in liver enzyme tests. Additionally, they have rare but severe adverse effects, particularly muscle damage. Moreover, some doctors believe that statins are over-prescribed.
As of 2010, a number of statins are on the market: atorvastatin (Lipitor), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor), pitavastatin (Livalo), pravastatin (Pravachol), rosuvastatin (Crestor) and simvastatin (Zocor). Several combination preparations of a statin and another agent, such as ezetimibe/simvastatin, are also available. The best-selling statin is atorvastatin which by 2003 became the best-selling pharmaceutical in history. The manufacturer Pfizer reporting sales of US$12.4 billion in 2008.
Hypertensive heart disease includes a number of complications of systemic arterial hypertension or high blood pressure that affect the heart. While there are several definitions of hypertensive heart disease in the medical literature,the term is most widely used in the context of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding categories. The definition in the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) includes heart failure and other cardiac complications of hypertension when a causal relationship between the heart disease and hypertension is stated or implied on the death certificate. According to ICD-10, hypertensive heart disease (I11), and its subcategories: hypertensive heart disease with heart failure (I11.0) and hypertensive heart disease without heart failure (I11.9) are distinguished from chronic rheumatic heart diseases (I05-I09), other forms of heart disease (I30-I52) and ischemic heart diseases (I20-I25). However, since high blood pressure is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease, death rates from hypertensive heart disease provide an incomplete measure of the burden of disease due to high blood pressure.
Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that reduction of the blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%, of ischaemic heart disease by 21%, and reduce the likelihood of dementia, heart failure, and mortality from cardiovascular disease. There are many classes of antihypertensives, which lower blood pressure by different means; among the most important and most widely used are the thiazide diuretics, the ACE inhibitors, the calcium channel blockers, the beta blockers, and the angiotensin II receptor antagonists or ARBs.
Which type of medication to use initially for hypertension has been the subject of several large studies and resulting national guidelines. The fundamental goal of treatment should be the prevention of the important endpoints of hypertension, such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure. Patient age, associated clinical conditions and end-organ damage also play a part in determining dosage and type of medication administered. The several classes of antihypertensives differ in side effect profiles, ability to prevent endpoints, and cost. The choice of more expensive agents, where cheaper ones would be equally effective, may have negative impacts on national healthcare budgets. As of 2009, the best available evidence favors the thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of view), an ACE inhibitor is recommended by NICE in the UK for those under 55 years old. Antihypertensive agents include six classes of drugs. The following table includes these drugs - Diuretics
- 2 Adrenergic receptor antagonists
- 3 Benzodiazepines
- 4 Calcium channel blockers
- 5 Renin Inhibitors
- 6 ACE inhibitors
- 7 Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
- 8 Aldosterone receptor antagonists
- 9 Vasodilators
- 10 Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
- 11 Endothelin receptor blockers
- 12 Future treatment options
- 13 Choice of initial medication
- 14 See also
- 15 References
Myocardial infarction
For other uses, see Heart attack (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Cardiac arrest. Myocardial infarction Classification and external resources Diagram of a myocardial infarction (2) of the tip of the anterior wall of the heart (an apical infarct) after occlusion (1) of a branch of the left coronary artery (LCA). In the diagram, RCA is the right coronary artery. ICD-10 I21-I22 ICD-9 410 DiseasesDB 8664 MedlinePlus 000195 eMedicine med/1567 emerg/327 ped/2520 MeSH D009203 Myocardial infarction (from Latin: Infarctus myocardii, MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the medical term for an event commonly known as a heart attack. An MI occurs when blood stops flowing properly to a part of the heart, and the heart muscle is injured because it is not receiving enough oxygen. Usually this is because one of the coronary arteries that supplies blood to the heart develops a blockage due to an unstable buildup of white blood cells, cholesterol and fat. The event is called "acute" if it is sudden and serious.
A person having an acute MI usually has sudden chest pain that is felt behind the breast bone and sometimes travels to the left arm or the left side of the neck. Additionally, the person may have shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, vomiting, abnormal heartbeats, and anxiety. Women experience fewer of these symptoms than men, but usually have shortness of breath, weakness, a feeling of indigestion, and fatigue. In many cases, in some estimates as high as 64%, the person does not have chest pain or other symptoms.These are called "silent" myocardial infarctions.
Important risk factors are previous cardiovascular disease, old age, tobacco smoking, high blood levels of certain lipids (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides) and low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure, lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic kidney disease, excessive alcohol consumption, and the use of cocaine and amphetamines.[3][4] The main way to determine if a person has had a myocardial infarction are electrocardiograms (ECGs) that trace the electrical signals in the heart and testing the blood for substances associated with damage to the heart muscle. Common blood tests are troponin and creatine kinase (CK-MB). ECG testing is used to differentiate between two types of myocardial infarctions based on the shape of the tracing. An ST section of the tracing higher than the baseline is called an ST elevation MI (STEMI) which usually requires more aggressive treatment.
Immediate treatments for a suspected MI include aspirin, which prevents further blood from clotting, and sometimes nitroglycerin to treat chest pain and oxygen. STEMI is treated by restoring circulation to the heart, called reperfusion therapy, and typical methods are angioplasty, where the arteries are pushed open, and thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) may be managed with medication, although angioplasty may be required if the person is considered to be at high risk. People who have multiple blockages of their coronary arteries, particularly if they also have diabetes, may also be treated with bypass surgery (CABG). Ischemic heart disease, which includes MI, angina, and heart failure when it happens after MI, was the leading cause of death for both men and women worldwide in 2011.
- Acute Coronary Syndromes: Diagnosis and ManagementN
- STEMI vs NSTEMI
- 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST
- ESC Guidelines on ST segment elevation acute myocardial
- Update in Management of STEMI and NSTEMI - Healthcare
Websites Related to Cardiovascular disease
Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases - ScienceDirect
Circulatory system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cardiovascular disease - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cardiovascular system - National Library of Medicine
CPR - American Heart Association
2014 Evidence-Based Guideline for the Management of High Blood
American Society of Hypertension | Hypertension Guidelines
Hypertension Guidelines: Clear as Mud - Medscape
2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial
Heart and Circulatory System - KidsHealth
Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on ... - Hypertension
Hypertension Treatment & Management - eMedicine
Hypertension Resources
New guidelines published for managing high blood pressure
Guidelines | The International Society of Hypertension
What Is a Heart Attack? - NHLBI, NIH
Warning Signs of a Heart Attack - American Heart Association
Myocardial infarction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Heart attack symptoms: Know what's a medical emergency
Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
WHO | Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)